{"id":50,"date":"2022-12-03T21:36:11","date_gmt":"2022-12-03T21:36:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/?page_id=50"},"modified":"2026-02-25T00:28:20","modified_gmt":"2026-02-25T00:28:20","slug":"special-characters","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/individual-visc\/special-characters\/","title":{"rendered":"Special Characters"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"50\" class=\"elementor elementor-50\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52b54636 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52b54636\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1b3dc679\" data-id=\"1b3dc679\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da272c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da272c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.8.1 - 13-11-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#818a91;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#818a91;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Catherine D\u2019Ignazio and Rahul Bhargava define data literacy as: \u201cthe ability to read, work with, analyze and argue with data as part of a larger inquiry process. Reading data involves understanding what data is, and what aspects of the world it represents. Working with data involves acquiring, cleaning, and managing it. Analyzing data involves filtering, sorting, aggregating, comparing, and performing other such analytic operations on it. Arguing with data involves using data to support a larger narrative intended to communicate some message to a particular audience\u201d (2016).\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For my project, \u201cSpecial Characters,\u201d I sought to explore the early stages of data literacy, namely the process of standardizing a third-party dataset once acquired. We find that in Digital Humanities and data-driven research broadly, information is represented and communicated at the level of output \u2013 typically as a visualization of key results. The final product of data analysis is what is communicated and is the thing that is apprehended. As Ashley Reed writes, \u201cThe thing-that-is-made stands as both the object of study and the repository of all evidence regarding its own production, effacing with its solid thingness the ephemeralities\u2013including the conditions of care\u2013 that made its production possible\u201d (2022). Though Reed was speaking of the fetishization of output in androcentric maker culture, she is articulating a similar sentiment as the principles of data literacy and data feminism that aim to demystify output and emphasize how data is collected, manipulated, and sieved to tell certain stories. The process of how such stories get told remains invisible.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u201cSpecial Characters\u201d project materializes an aspect of \u201cworking with\u201d the Desert Island Disks Dataset, which has many instances of erroneous special characters that translate to diacritics. It takes the form of a barbell that can be customized with various size weights that represent the frequency of special characters in the dataset. The special characters render the information unusable in its current state and therefore necessitate further processing before running any analysis. Just take a look at the <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/individual-visc\/map-key\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Data Map and Key<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and you will see the smattering of green blocks that correspond to cells in the dataset containing special characters.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1f8db7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b1f8db7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.8.1 - 13-11-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"249\" src=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-14-at-12.13.14-PM-1024x340.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"screenshot of data map with green cells corresponding to cells with special characters\" srcset=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-14-at-12.13.14-PM-1024x340.png 1024w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-14-at-12.13.14-PM-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-14-at-12.13.14-PM-768x255.png 768w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-14-at-12.13.14-PM-1536x510.png 1536w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-14-at-12.13.14-PM-2048x680.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:33.19%;max-width:2380px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">(John's Data Map &amp; Key with green cells corresponding to cells with special characters)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54421da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54421da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The purpose of the &#8220;Special Characters&#8221; project is to reveal the active, laborious, and human effort that goes into working with data.\u00a0 Luci Pangrazio writes, \u201cImagined as immaterial, data is thought to be more responsive, adaptable and mutable, and therefore ready to fulfill the demands of a datafied system\u201d (2020). \u201cSpecial Characters\u201d aims to refute this claim, demonstrating our experience as researchers as we found the state of the data insufficient for our purposes. Because much of the data was initially inoperable, it required a lot of time and effort to transform and standardize.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This project is meant to be interactive. People are intended to match a special character pair with its corresponding weight (see table below) and lift the barbell in order to perform an abstracted representation of the labor required in working with a dataset. There is a large body of research about how physicalization is a productive way to introduce people to activities around data collection, processing, and representation (Hogan et.al, 2023). This project builds upon that research by presenting a way to physicalize and experience the process of data maintenance, illuminating the often obscured activities in the critical initial phases of data-intensive research.<\/span> <span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium)\">Inspired by \u201cexperiential prototyping\u201d, a reflective, playful practice <\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium)\">\u201cat the intersection of hands-on practice and critical making,\u201d<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium)\">\u00a0\u201cSpecial Characters\u201d is a pedagogical tool that fosters an alternative, affective mode of learning about data-driven research, encouraging understanding through physically deconstructing and reconstructing a material object that stands in for the digital\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background)\">(<\/span><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background)\">Mauro-Flude, 2019)<\/span><span style=\"background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background);color: var( --e-global-color-text );font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif;font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium);font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight )\">. This allows participants to experience the data at a small scale\u2013 at the level of one\u2019s body and movement. This intimate scale is, as Brian Holmes illustrates, \u201cirretrievably weighted down in our time, burdened with data and surveillance and seduction, crushed with the determining influence of all the other scales\u201d (2009). A desired outcome of this project is that participants will realize the generative possibilities of understanding at the level of hands-on making.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Digital Humanities has a great potential for experimentation and performative, material methodologies. By physicalizing the invisible labor undertaken by humans in the process of digital computation, we can begin to think critically about how our technological world communicates information as static, precise, and self-contained. With the \u201cSpecial Characters\u201d project, I hope to contribute another way to represent and recreate the experience of \u201cworking with data\u201d and echo a data feminist ethos that process is productive and worthy of representation in and of itself.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7c02a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7c02a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>The Lifting Process<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The special characters occur in the dataset as a combination pair that translates to a diacritic or a non-Roman character. This mistranslation likely occurred because the initial Python webscraping misinterpreted a UTF-8 encoding system as MacRoman.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c5464a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4c5464a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"122\" src=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-10.54.34-PM.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Screenshot of cells For \u00c9dith Piaf and Beyonc\u00e9 with special character pairs in the Desert Island Discs Dataset.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-10.54.34-PM.png 740w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-10.54.34-PM-300x49.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" style=\"width:100%;height:16.49%;max-width:740px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">(Screenshot of cells with special character pairs in the Desert Island Disks Dataset)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7be8018 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7be8018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Frequency-of-Special-Characters-in-the-Data-Set.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"Histogram of frequency of special characters in the Desert Island Discs data set\" srcset=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Frequency-of-Special-Characters-in-the-Data-Set.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Frequency-of-Special-Characters-in-the-Data-Set-300x225.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Frequency-of-Special-Characters-in-the-Data-Set-768x576.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:75%;max-width:1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8beca99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8beca99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are 23 special character combinations occurring at various frequencies. The frequency is represented as weight with the relationship 1 instance = .5 ounces. See the table below. This sampling of special character pairs can be built by affixing various size weights to the barbell.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62293f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"62293f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"520\" src=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-11.19.23-PM-1024x710.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-11.19.23-PM-1024x710.png 1024w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-11.19.23-PM-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-11.19.23-PM-768x532.png 768w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Screen-Shot-2022-12-13-at-11.19.23-PM.png 1324w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:69.34%;max-width:1324px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5678dfd elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5678dfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.8.1 - 13-11-2022 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#2c2c2c;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{font-size:15px;line-height:1;max-width:95%}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__element{margin:0 var(--divider-element-spacing);-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-icon{font-size:var(--divider-icon-size)}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider-separator{display:-webkit-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin:0;direction:ltr}.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text 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.elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57f711a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57f711a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>Technical Details<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7d5dac elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c7d5dac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/IMG_5193-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/IMG_5193-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/IMG_5193-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/IMG_5193-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/IMG_5193-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/IMG_5193-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:75%;max-width:2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca715be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ca715be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Given constraints of time and resources, I decided to materialize only one aspect of the missingness map\u2013 there are also issues with name standardization, absent data, etc. As mentioned, the special characters are a result of the creator of the dataset conducting a Python webscraping of Wikipedia information, which pulled certain string literals that were not able to be interpreted by the program, resulting in special characters. For instance, \u00c9dith Piaf, one of the most frequent artists that castaways said they would listen to on a desert island, causes a problem in the dataset (Gustar, 2020). The capital letter \u201cE\u201d with a left-leaning, or \u201cgrave\u201d accent mark (\u00c8) is translated into \u201c\u221a\u00e2&#8221; and occurs 295 times.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to find all the possible diacritics in the DIDD, I manually appraised the dataset and used <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/spreadsheets\/d\/1CARM3pz85S-yKJ5kh0xV0u6nHnA2pG81CvGvRFkK_S8\/edit#gid=1891916684\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">this<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> resource on StackOverflow that fellow teammate, Jessika, came across. I then did a simple \u201cCtl+F\u201d search to learn how many times a certain special character pair occurred. Some combinations were on the list and could be referenced in the dataset and confirmed to be mistranslations of letters such as \u201c\u00e4\u201d, \u201c\u00e7\u201d, etc. Other special combinations were not on the list and occurred in the dataset with Eastern-European names like Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek and Anton\u00edn Leopold Dvo\u0159\u00e1k. I found 23 kinds of special character pairs. Respective frequencies in the dataset ranged from occurring once to 2,051 times.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0At first, I hoped the relationship between special characters and weight could be 1:1 (i.e., a diacritic pairing that occurs 350 times would be 350 ounces), but quickly learned that method would be impractical, expensive, and physically difficult to make and transport. I settled on the relationship as 1 instance of a diacritic pair would equal .5 ounces.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Materials &amp; Methods:<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">fabric (normal embroidery cloth)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">hot glue gun<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">needle and thread<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">playground sand<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a dowel<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">a scale<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To make the weights, I used a template for a DIY stackable ring baby toy (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sheknows.com\/parenting\/articles\/1094401\/diy-fabric-stackable-rings\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><u>Your baby will be obsessed with these DIY stackable rings<\/u><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). The pattern worked for my purposes because I needed concentric circles with a center point. Instead of stuffing the ring with cotton, I used<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B07M9ZDYJ3\/ref=ppx_od_dt_b_asin_title_s00?ie=UTF8&amp;psc=1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> playground sand<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> purchased from Amazon. To follow this project\u2019s tropical theme, I decided sand would be a good material to work with to materialize the mess\u2013literally. As I went along, I realized that sand also mimics the process of appraising and altering data \u2013 sand is unwieldy, difficult to contain and shape, easily falls through cracks in its container, and difficult to see unless in aggregate. (I think I might still have sand in my hair.)\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61b705e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"61b705e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1061\" src=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-768x1086.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"stackable ring template\" srcset=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-768x1086.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-212x300.jpeg 212w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-724x1024.jpeg 724w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-1086x1536.jpeg 1086w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-1448x2048.jpeg 1448w, https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/31\/2022\/12\/Stackable_Ring_Toy_Pattern_Ring_1-scaled.jpeg 1811w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" style=\"width:100%;height:141.36%;max-width:1811px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89ead5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"89ead5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I made 13 sets of weights: 3 sets of 2lbs, 3 sets of 1lb, 2 sets 0.5lb, 1 set 0.65lb (this was my first test, so the weight was random based on how much sand it took to fill the ring), and 4 sets .25lb. There was no real rationale when determining how many sets I would make. However, knowing that most special characters occurred around 200-500 times in the dataset, I made sure my weights would be able to add up to various amounts within a 9lb-15lb range.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>I used a scale to precisely measure the weights. I chose the various weight amounts out of necessity; I had to round to the nearest quarter pound\u00a0so that building multiple different frequencies could be done with the same standardized weights.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then, I made a key identifying a sampling of character combinations and their corresponding weight that participants can affix to the bar and lift!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d6483c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4d6483c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08c5767 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08c5767\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><em>&#8211; Ava Kaplan<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44a472d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"44a472d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Catherine D\u2019Ignazio and Rahul Bhargava define data literacy as: \u201cthe ability to read, work with, analyze and argue with data as part of a larger inquiry process. Reading data involves understanding what data is, and what aspects of the world it represents. Working with data involves acquiring, cleaning, and managing it. Analyzing data involves filtering,&hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/individual-visc\/special-characters\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Special Characters<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4001,"featured_media":35,"parent":2,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-50","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4001"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50"}],"version-history":[{"count":162,"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1159,"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/50\/revisions\/1159"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/studentwork.prattsi.org\/data-visceralization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}